Во время некоторой работы с объективом с автофокусировкой я наткнулся на этот очень полезный набор алгоритмов для обнаружения фокусировки изображения . Он реализован в MATLAB, но большинство функций довольно легко портировать на OpenCV с filter2D .
Это в основном обзорная реализация многих алгоритмов измерения фокуса. Если вы хотите прочитать оригинальные статьи, ссылки на авторов алгоритмов приведены в коде. Бумага 2012 года Pertuz, et al. Анализ операторов измерения фокуса для формы от фокуса (SFF) дает большой обзор всех этих измерений, а также их производительности (как с точки зрения скорости и точности в применении к SFF).
РЕДАКТИРОВАТЬ: Добавлен код MATLAB на случай, если ссылка умрет.
function FM = fmeasure(Image, Measure, ROI)
%This function measures the relative degree of focus of
%an image. It may be invoked as:
%
% FM = fmeasure(Image, Method, ROI)
%
%Where
% Image, is a grayscale image and FM is the computed
% focus value.
% Method, is the focus measure algorithm as a string.
% see 'operators.txt' for a list of focus
% measure methods.
% ROI, Image ROI as a rectangle [xo yo width heigth].
% if an empty argument is passed, the whole
% image is processed.
%
% Said Pertuz
% Abr/2010
if ~isempty(ROI)
Image = imcrop(Image, ROI);
end
WSize = 15; % Size of local window (only some operators)
switch upper(Measure)
case 'ACMO' % Absolute Central Moment (Shirvaikar2004)
if ~isinteger(Image), Image = im2uint8(Image);
end
FM = AcMomentum(Image);
case 'BREN' % Brenner's (Santos97)
[M N] = size(Image);
DH = Image;
DV = Image;
DH(1:M-2,:) = diff(Image,2,1);
DV(:,1:N-2) = diff(Image,2,2);
FM = max(DH, DV);
FM = FM.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'CONT' % Image contrast (Nanda2001)
ImContrast = inline('sum(abs(x(:)-x(5)))');
FM = nlfilter(Image, [3 3], ImContrast);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'CURV' % Image Curvature (Helmli2001)
if ~isinteger(Image), Image = im2uint8(Image);
end
M1 = [-1 0 1;-1 0 1;-1 0 1];
M2 = [1 0 1;1 0 1;1 0 1];
P0 = imfilter(Image, M1, 'replicate', 'conv')/6;
P1 = imfilter(Image, M1', 'replicate', 'conv')/6;
P2 = 3*imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/10 ...
-imfilter(Image, M2', 'replicate', 'conv')/5;
P3 = -imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/5 ...
+3*imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/10;
FM = abs(P0) + abs(P1) + abs(P2) + abs(P3);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'DCTE' % DCT energy ratio (Shen2006)
FM = nlfilter(Image, [8 8], @DctRatio);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'DCTR' % DCT reduced energy ratio (Lee2009)
FM = nlfilter(Image, [8 8], @ReRatio);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'GDER' % Gaussian derivative (Geusebroek2000)
N = floor(WSize/2);
sig = N/2.5;
[x,y] = meshgrid(-N:N, -N:N);
G = exp(-(x.^2+y.^2)/(2*sig^2))/(2*pi*sig);
Gx = -x.*G/(sig^2);Gx = Gx/sum(Gx(:));
Gy = -y.*G/(sig^2);Gy = Gy/sum(Gy(:));
Rx = imfilter(double(Image), Gx, 'conv', 'replicate');
Ry = imfilter(double(Image), Gy, 'conv', 'replicate');
FM = Rx.^2+Ry.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'GLVA' % Graylevel variance (Krotkov86)
FM = std2(Image);
case 'GLLV' %Graylevel local variance (Pech2000)
LVar = stdfilt(Image, ones(WSize,WSize)).^2;
FM = std2(LVar)^2;
case 'GLVN' % Normalized GLV (Santos97)
FM = std2(Image)^2/mean2(Image);
case 'GRAE' % Energy of gradient (Subbarao92a)
Ix = Image;
Iy = Image;
Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1);
Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2);
FM = Ix.^2 + Iy.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'GRAT' % Thresholded gradient (Snatos97)
Th = 0; %Threshold
Ix = Image;
Iy = Image;
Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1);
Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2);
FM = max(abs(Ix), abs(Iy));
FM(FM<Th)=0;
FM = sum(FM(:))/sum(sum(FM~=0));
case 'GRAS' % Squared gradient (Eskicioglu95)
Ix = diff(Image, 1, 2);
FM = Ix.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'HELM' %Helmli's mean method (Helmli2001)
MEANF = fspecial('average',[WSize WSize]);
U = imfilter(Image, MEANF, 'replicate');
R1 = U./Image;
R1(Image==0)=1;
index = (U>Image);
FM = 1./R1;
FM(index) = R1(index);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'HISE' % Histogram entropy (Krotkov86)
FM = entropy(Image);
case 'HISR' % Histogram range (Firestone91)
FM = max(Image(:))-min(Image(:));
case 'LAPE' % Energy of laplacian (Subbarao92a)
LAP = fspecial('laplacian');
FM = imfilter(Image, LAP, 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = mean2(FM.^2);
case 'LAPM' % Modified Laplacian (Nayar89)
M = [-1 2 -1];
Lx = imfilter(Image, M, 'replicate', 'conv');
Ly = imfilter(Image, M', 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = abs(Lx) + abs(Ly);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'LAPV' % Variance of laplacian (Pech2000)
LAP = fspecial('laplacian');
ILAP = imfilter(Image, LAP, 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = std2(ILAP)^2;
case 'LAPD' % Diagonal laplacian (Thelen2009)
M1 = [-1 2 -1];
M2 = [0 0 -1;0 2 0;-1 0 0]/sqrt(2);
M3 = [-1 0 0;0 2 0;0 0 -1]/sqrt(2);
F1 = imfilter(Image, M1, 'replicate', 'conv');
F2 = imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv');
F3 = imfilter(Image, M3, 'replicate', 'conv');
F4 = imfilter(Image, M1', 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = abs(F1) + abs(F2) + abs(F3) + abs(F4);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'SFIL' %Steerable filters (Minhas2009)
% Angles = [0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315];
N = floor(WSize/2);
sig = N/2.5;
[x,y] = meshgrid(-N:N, -N:N);
G = exp(-(x.^2+y.^2)/(2*sig^2))/(2*pi*sig);
Gx = -x.*G/(sig^2);Gx = Gx/sum(Gx(:));
Gy = -y.*G/(sig^2);Gy = Gy/sum(Gy(:));
R(:,:,1) = imfilter(double(Image), Gx, 'conv', 'replicate');
R(:,:,2) = imfilter(double(Image), Gy, 'conv', 'replicate');
R(:,:,3) = cosd(45)*R(:,:,1)+sind(45)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,4) = cosd(135)*R(:,:,1)+sind(135)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,5) = cosd(180)*R(:,:,1)+sind(180)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,6) = cosd(225)*R(:,:,1)+sind(225)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,7) = cosd(270)*R(:,:,1)+sind(270)*R(:,:,2);
R(:,:,7) = cosd(315)*R(:,:,1)+sind(315)*R(:,:,2);
FM = max(R,[],3);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'SFRQ' % Spatial frequency (Eskicioglu95)
Ix = Image;
Iy = Image;
Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2);
Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1);
FM = mean2(sqrt(double(Iy.^2+Ix.^2)));
case 'TENG'% Tenengrad (Krotkov86)
Sx = fspecial('sobel');
Gx = imfilter(double(Image), Sx, 'replicate', 'conv');
Gy = imfilter(double(Image), Sx', 'replicate', 'conv');
FM = Gx.^2 + Gy.^2;
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'TENV' % Tenengrad variance (Pech2000)
Sx = fspecial('sobel');
Gx = imfilter(double(Image), Sx, 'replicate', 'conv');
Gy = imfilter(double(Image), Sx', 'replicate', 'conv');
G = Gx.^2 + Gy.^2;
FM = std2(G)^2;
case 'VOLA' % Vollath's correlation (Santos97)
Image = double(Image);
I1 = Image; I1(1:end-1,:) = Image(2:end,:);
I2 = Image; I2(1:end-2,:) = Image(3:end,:);
Image = Image.*(I1-I2);
FM = mean2(Image);
case 'WAVS' %Sum of Wavelet coeffs (Yang2003)
[C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 1, 'db6');
H = wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1);
V = wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1);
D = wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1);
FM = abs(H) + abs(V) + abs(D);
FM = mean2(FM);
case 'WAVV' %Variance of Wav...(Yang2003)
[C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 1, 'db6');
H = abs(wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1));
V = abs(wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1));
D = abs(wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1));
FM = std2(H)^2+std2(V)+std2(D);
case 'WAVR'
[C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 3, 'db6');
H = abs(wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1));
V = abs(wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1));
D = abs(wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1));
A1 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 1));
A2 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 2));
A3 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 3));
A = A1 + A2 + A3;
WH = H.^2 + V.^2 + D.^2;
WH = mean2(WH);
WL = mean2(A);
FM = WH/WL;
otherwise
error('Unknown measure %s',upper(Measure))
end
end
%************************************************************************
function fm = AcMomentum(Image)
[M N] = size(Image);
Hist = imhist(Image)/(M*N);
Hist = abs((0:255)-255*mean2(Image))'.*Hist;
fm = sum(Hist);
end
%******************************************************************
function fm = DctRatio(M)
MT = dct2(M).^2;
fm = (sum(MT(:))-MT(1,1))/MT(1,1);
end
%************************************************************************
function fm = ReRatio(M)
M = dct2(M);
fm = (M(1,2)^2+M(1,3)^2+M(2,1)^2+M(2,2)^2+M(3,1)^2)/(M(1,1)^2);
end
%******************************************************************
Несколько примеров версий OpenCV:
// OpenCV port of 'LAPM' algorithm (Nayar89)
double modifiedLaplacian(const cv::Mat& src)
{
cv::Mat M = (Mat_<double>(3, 1) << -1, 2, -1);
cv::Mat G = cv::getGaussianKernel(3, -1, CV_64F);
cv::Mat Lx;
cv::sepFilter2D(src, Lx, CV_64F, M, G);
cv::Mat Ly;
cv::sepFilter2D(src, Ly, CV_64F, G, M);
cv::Mat FM = cv::abs(Lx) + cv::abs(Ly);
double focusMeasure = cv::mean(FM).val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
// OpenCV port of 'LAPV' algorithm (Pech2000)
double varianceOfLaplacian(const cv::Mat& src)
{
cv::Mat lap;
cv::Laplacian(src, lap, CV_64F);
cv::Scalar mu, sigma;
cv::meanStdDev(lap, mu, sigma);
double focusMeasure = sigma.val[0]*sigma.val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
// OpenCV port of 'TENG' algorithm (Krotkov86)
double tenengrad(const cv::Mat& src, int ksize)
{
cv::Mat Gx, Gy;
cv::Sobel(src, Gx, CV_64F, 1, 0, ksize);
cv::Sobel(src, Gy, CV_64F, 0, 1, ksize);
cv::Mat FM = Gx.mul(Gx) + Gy.mul(Gy);
double focusMeasure = cv::mean(FM).val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
// OpenCV port of 'GLVN' algorithm (Santos97)
double normalizedGraylevelVariance(const cv::Mat& src)
{
cv::Scalar mu, sigma;
cv::meanStdDev(src, mu, sigma);
double focusMeasure = (sigma.val[0]*sigma.val[0]) / mu.val[0];
return focusMeasure;
}
Нет гарантий того, являются ли эти меры лучшим выбором для вашей проблемы, но если вы отследите документы, связанные с этими мерами, они могут дать вам более глубокое понимание. Надеюсь, вы найдете код полезным! Я знаю, что сделал.