Вы можете использовать оконный MIN / MAX:
WITH cte AS (
SELECT *,SUM(CASE WHEN row_num > 1 THEN 0 ELSE 1 END)
OVER(PARTITION BY id, cat ORDER BY date_col) AS grp
FROM tab
)
SELECT *, MIN(date_col) OVER(PARTITION BY id, cat, grp) AS min_date,
MAX(date_col) OVER(PARTITION BY id, cat, grp) AS max_date
FROM cte
ORDER BY id, date_col, cat;
Rextester Demo