Пример использования base t () и tidyverse + magrittr
k <- tibble(Station = 1:4,
year = c(2016,2016,2016,2017),
month = c(1,3,7,2),
rise = c(334,348,242,445),
set = c(1042,1053,1153,962),
hrday = c("X1.134","X14.22", "X23.233","X10.753"))
new_df <- k %>% select(-Station,-hrday) %>% t() %>% as_tibble() %>%
magrittr::set_colnames(c(k$hrday)) %>%
mutate(var =subset(colnames(k),!colnames(k) %in% c("hrday","Station"))) %>%
dplyr::select(var, X1.134:X10.753)
new_df