Мы можем использовать ifelse
df$output <- with(df, ifelse(count <= constant, value_1, value_2))
df$output
#[1] 0.001138636 0.001157974 0.001172940 0.001245170 0.001369958 0.141047465 0.165075631 0.198308568
#[9] 0.248464171 0.331921807
Или с tidyverse
library(tidyverse)
df %>%
mutate(output = case_when(count <= constant ~ value_1,
TRUE ~ value_2))
data
df <- structure(list(count = 1:10, value_1 = c(0.001138636, 0.001157974,
0.00117294, 0.00124517, 0.001369958, 0.001494746, 0.001619535,
0.001744323, 0.001771541, 0.001713549), value_2 = c(0.081404856,
0.089056417, 0.098103887, 0.109297111, 0.123153932, 0.141047465,
0.165075631, 0.198308568, 0.248464171, 0.331921807)), row.names = c(NA,
-10L), class = "data.frame")