Использовать numpy.where
с логической маской:
mask = SD['T'] >= SD['TG']
SD['Ln(aT) ANALYTIC'] = np.where(mask, SD['T'] + 1, SD['T'])
Или:
SD['Ln(aT) ANALYTIC'] = np.where(mask, SD['T'] + 1, np.nan)
Возможно составление списка, но медленно:
SD['Ln(aT) ANALYTIC1'] = [i + 1 if i >= j else i for i, j in zip(SD['T'], SD['TG'])]
SD = pd.DataFrame({'T': [1,2,3],
'TG':[2,5,1]})
#[3000 rows x 2 columns]
SD = pd.concat([SD] * 1000, ignore_index=True)
In [294]: %timeit SD['Ln(aT) ANALYTIC1'] = [i + 1 if i >= j else i for i, j in zip(SD['T'], SD['TG'])]
1.18 ms ± 82.6 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
In [295]: %timeit SD['Ln(aT) ANALYTIC2'] = np.where(SD['T'] >= SD['TG'], SD['T'] + 1, SD['T'])
511 µs ± 16.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)