В PostgreSQL вы можете попробовать что-то вроде следующего.
SELECT sq."year-week"
, sq.orders
FROM
(
SELECT LEFT(a.rstrt, 6) || W "year-week"
, a.orders
, ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY LEFT(a.rstrt, 6) || W ORDER BY a.rend DESC) RN
FROM(SELECT "year-week" rstrt
, COALESCE(LEAD ("year-week", 1) OVER(), 2018 || ' W' || 52) rend
, orders
FROM orders
UNION
SELECT '2019 W01', '2019 W52', 300) a
LEFT JOIN (SELECT generate_series(1, 52, 1) w) b ON b.w BETWEEN RIGHT(a.rstrt, 2)::INT AND RIGHT(a.rend, 2)::INT
ORDER BY LEFT(a.rstrt, 4)::INT, w
) sq
WHERE RN = 1;