Не так красиво, но, думаю, более читабельно:
let row = [
["1", "Text", "0", "55", "0", "Text 2"],
["2", "Second Text", "15.5", "55", "16.6", "Second Text 2"],
["3", "Third Text", "17", "60", "18", "Third Text 2"]
];
let arrA = [], arrB = [];
function newArrA(el, arr) {
arr.forEach(arrEl => arrA.push(arrEl[el-1]));
}
function newArrB(elA, elB, arr) {
arr.forEach(arrEl => arrB.push( [ arrEl[elA-1], arrEl[elB-1] ] ) );
}
newArrA(2, row);
// arrA: ["Text", "Second Text", "Third Text"]
newArrB(3, 5, row);
// arrB[0]: ["0", "0"]
// arrB[1]: ["15.5", "16.6"]
// arrB[2]: ["17", "18"]