Вы ищете:
In [1]: x = np.arange(0,10,1)
In [2]: x
Out[2]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
In [3]: 2**x
Out[3]: array([ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512])
Последний расчет эквивалентен
In [5]: for i in x:
...: print(i, 2**i)
...:
...:
0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
....