Простой способ.
var notes = ['c','d','e','f','g','a','b','c'];
function looparr(arr, start)
{
var res = [], start = start || 0;
for(var index = start, length=arr.length; index<length; index++)
{
res.push(arr[index]);
index == (arr.length-1) && (index=-1,length=start);
}
return res;
}
console.log(looparr(['c','d','e','f','g','a','b','c'], 0));
console.log(looparr(['c','d','e','f','g','a','b','c'], 2));
console.log(looparr(['c','d','e','f','g','a','b','c'], 4));
console.log(looparr(['c','d','e','f','g','a','b','c']));