Вы можете использовать инструменты CLI curl или wget, чтобы получить страницу, а затем просто получить результат (или передать в grep).
$ curl /11978298/grep-stroka-v-ishodnom-kode-dannoi-ssylki-http | grep "string in the source code"
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<p>I want to use bash commands line to find a string in the source code of a given web page. Manually I would do it like in those steps:</p>
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Если вы хотите просто строку, используйте grep -o:
$ curl /11978298/grep-stroka-v-ishodnom-kode-dannoi-ssylki-http 2>/dev/null | grep -o "string in the source code"
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code
string in the source code