Да, это возможно:
select id,
case when exists (select data_od from bp_stan_produkt
where id_produkt = bp_produkt.id and data_do is null
and id_stan_produkt = 313)
then (select to_char(data_od, 'YYYY-MM-DD')
from bp_stan_produkt
where id_produkt = bp.id
and data_do is null
and id_stan_produkt = 313)
else 'NIE'
end as "313"
from bp_produkt
where id in(21048528);
РЕДАКТИРОВАТЬ:
SELECT bp.id, COALESCE(t.data_od_t, 'NIE') AS "313"
FROM bp_produkt bp
LEFT JOIN LATERAL (select to_char(data_od, 'YYYY-MM-DD') AS data_od_t
from bp_stan_produkt
where id_produkt = bp.id
and data_do is null
and id_stan_produkt = 313) t
ON TRUE
WHERE bp.id in(21048528)