вы можете достичь того, что вы хотите, используя Array.prototype.map
var labels = ["2018-12-01T00:00:00.000Z",
"2018-12-02T00:00:00.000Z",
"2018-12-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"2018-12-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"2018-12-18T00:00:00.000Z"
];
const newDates = labels.map( label => {
const newd = new Date(label);
const fullYear = newd.getFullYear();
const month = (newd.getMonth() + 1 ).toString();
const date = (newd.getDate()).toString();
return `${fullYear}-${month.length > 1 ? month : month.replace(/^/,0)}-${date.length > 1 ? date : date.replace(/^/,0)}`;
});
console.log(newDates);