Вот вариант с unmatrix
из gdata
library(gdata)
matrix(unmatrix(mat, byrow = TRUE))
# [,1]
# [1,] 3.390
# [2,] 3.110
# [3,] 4.361
# [4,] 3.350
# [5,] 3.760
# [6,] 3.660
# [7,] 3.440
# [8,] 3.720
# [9,] 3.130
#[10,] 3.350
#[11,] 3.010
#[12,] 3.050
#[13,] 2.730
#[14,] 2.900
#[15,] 2.730
#[16,] 2.310
или с aperm
matrix(aperm(mat, c(2, 1)))
data
mat <-matrix(c(3.39, 3.11, 4.361, 3.35, 3.76, 3.66, 3.44, 3.72,
3.13 ,3.35, 3.01, 3.05, 2.73, 2.90, 2.73, 2.31), byrow = TRUE, nrow = 2)