Для баз данных :
SELECT SCHEMA_NAME 'database', default_character_set_name 'charset', DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME 'collation' FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA;
Пример вывода:
mysql> SELECT SCHEMA_NAME 'database', default_character_set_name 'charset', DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME 'collation' FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA;
+----------------------------+---------+--------------------+
| database | charset | collation |
+----------------------------+---------+--------------------+
| information_schema | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
| drupal_demo1 | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
| drupal_demo2 | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
| drupal_demo3 | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
| drupal_demo4 | utf8 | utf8_general_ci |
| drupal_demo5 | latin1 | latin1_swedish_ci |
...
+----------------------------+---------+--------------------+
55 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>