ЕСЛИ paretnID являются внешними ключами:
Select NEWID(), ID, EP.ParentIDGUID, E.ParentID, EP2.AnotherParentID, EP2.AnotherParentIDGUID from dbo.Entity E
INNER JOIN
(Select MAX(NEWID()) as ParentIDGUID, ParentID FROM dbo.Entity GROUP BY ParentID) EP ON EP.ParentID = E.ParentID
INNER JOIN
(Select MAX(NEWID()) as AnotherParentIDGUID, AnotherParentID FROM dbo.Entity GROUP BY AnotherParentID) EP2 ON EP2.AnotherParentID = E.AnotherParentID
или если они являются внешними ключами в той же таблице:
Select NEWID() as guidID, ID
INTO #tp
from dbo.Entity E
Select EP.ID, EP.guidID, E.ParentID, EP2.guidID, E.AnotherParentID, EP3.guidID from dbo.Entity E
INNER JOIN
#tp EP ON EP.ID = E.ID
INNER JOIN
#tp EP2 ON EP2.ID = E.ParentID
INNER JOIN
#tp EP3 ON EP3.ID = E.AnotherParentID
DROP TABLE #tp