Вы можете использовать isin , например:
import pandas as pd
data = [['aas', 'M', 'a', 'te', 're', 'dd'],
['aab', 'M', 'a', 'ga', 're', 'af']]
df = pd.DataFrame(data=data, columns=['name', 'sex', 'snps1', 'snps2', 'snps3', 'snps4'])
a = ['a', 'te', 're', 'edf', 'c', 'sa', 'da', 'wq', 'rw']
columns = ['snps1', 'snps2', 'snps3', 'snps4']
lookup = { key : (value,) for key, value in zip(columns, a) }
df.loc[:, columns] = df.loc[:, columns].isin(lookup)
print(df)
Выход
name sex snps1 snps2 snps3 snps4
0 aas M True True True False
1 aab M True False True False