У меня есть два следующих в основном идентичных примера кода. code1.cu используйте cudaMalloc
и cudaMemcpy
для обработки обмена значениями устройства / хоста.
code2.cu использует cudaMallocManaged
и, следовательно, cudaMemcpy
не требуется. Когда используется cudaMallocManaged, я должен включить cudaDeviceSynchronize()
, чтобы получить правильные результаты, в то время как для cudaMalloc это не нужно. Буду признателен за подсказку, почему это происходит
code2.cu
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
#include <vector>
//
using namespace std;
// Kernel function to do nested loops
__global__
void add(int max_x, int max_y, float *tot, float *x, float *y)
{
int i = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int j = blockIdx.y*blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;
if(i < max_x && j<max_y) {
atomicAdd(tot, x[i] + y[j]);
}
}
int main(void)
{
int Nx = 1<<15;
int Ny = 1<<15;
float *d_x = NULL, *d_y = NULL;
float *d_tot = NULL;
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_x, sizeof(float)*Nx);
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_y, sizeof(float)*Ny);
cudaMallocManaged((void **)&d_tot, sizeof(float));
// Allocate Unified Memory – accessible from CPU or GPU
vector<float> vx;
vector<float> vy;
// initialize x and y arrays on the host
for (int i = 0; i < Nx; i++)
vx.push_back(i);
for (int i = 0; i < Ny; i++)
vy.push_back(i*10);
//
float tot = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<vx.size(); i++)
for(int j = 0; j<vy.size(); j++)
tot += vx[i] + vy[j];
cout<<"CPU: tot: "<<tot<<endl;
//
cudaMemcpy(d_x, vx.data(), vx.size()*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(d_y, vy.data(), vy.size()*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
//
int blockSize; // The launch configurator returned block size
int minGridSize; // The minimum grid size needed to achieve the
cudaOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize( &minGridSize, &blockSize, add, 0, Nx+Ny);
//.. bx*by can not go beyond the blockSize, or hardware limit, which is 1024;
//.. bx*bx = blockSize && bx/by=Nx/Ny, solve the equation
int bx = sqrt(blockSize*Nx/(float)Ny);
int by = bx*Ny/(float)Nx;
dim3 blockSize_3D(bx, by);
dim3 gridSize_3D((Nx+bx-1)/bx, (Ny+by+1)/by);
cout<<"blockSize: "<<blockSize<<endl;
cout<<"bx: "<<bx<<" by: "<<by<<" gx: "<<gridSize_3D.x<<" gy: "<<gridSize_3D.y<<endl;
// calculate theoretical occupancy
int maxActiveBlocks;
cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor( &maxActiveBlocks, add, blockSize, 0);
int device;
cudaDeviceProp props;
cudaGetDevice(&device);
cudaGetDeviceProperties(&props, device);
float occupancy = (maxActiveBlocks * blockSize / props.warpSize) /
(float)(props.maxThreadsPerMultiProcessor /
props.warpSize);
printf("Launched blocks of size %d. Theoretical occupancy: %f\n",
blockSize, occupancy);
// Run kernel on 1M elements on the GPU
tot = 0;
add<<<gridSize_3D, blockSize_3D>>>(Nx, Ny, d_tot, d_x, d_y);
// Wait for GPU to finish before accessing on host
//cudaDeviceSynchronize();
tot =*d_tot;
//
//
cout<<" GPU: tot: "<<tot<<endl;
// Free memory
cudaFree(d_x);
cudaFree(d_y);
cudaFree(d_tot);
return 0;
}
code1.cu
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
#include <vector>
//
using namespace std;
// Kernel function to do nested loops
__global__
void add(int max_x, int max_y, float *tot, float *x, float *y)
{
int i = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
int j = blockIdx.y*blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;
if(i < max_x && j<max_y) {
atomicAdd(tot, x[i] + y[j]);
}
}
int main(void)
{
int Nx = 1<<15;
int Ny = 1<<15;
float *d_x = NULL, *d_y = NULL;
float *d_tot = NULL;
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_x, sizeof(float)*Nx);
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_y, sizeof(float)*Ny);
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_tot, sizeof(float));
// Allocate Unified Memory – accessible from CPU or GPU
vector<float> vx;
vector<float> vy;
// initialize x and y arrays on the host
for (int i = 0; i < Nx; i++)
vx.push_back(i);
for (int i = 0; i < Ny; i++)
vy.push_back(i*10);
//
float tot = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<vx.size(); i++)
for(int j = 0; j<vy.size(); j++)
tot += vx[i] + vy[j];
cout<<"CPU: tot: "<<tot<<endl;
//
cudaMemcpy(d_x, vx.data(), vx.size()*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
cudaMemcpy(d_y, vy.data(), vy.size()*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
//
int blockSize; // The launch configurator returned block size
int minGridSize; // The minimum grid size needed to achieve the
cudaOccupancyMaxPotentialBlockSize( &minGridSize, &blockSize, add, 0, Nx+Ny);
//.. bx*by can not go beyond the blockSize, or hardware limit, which is 1024;
//.. bx*bx = blockSize && bx/by=Nx/Ny, solve the equation
int bx = sqrt(blockSize*Nx/(float)Ny);
int by = bx*Ny/(float)Nx;
dim3 blockSize_3D(bx, by);
dim3 gridSize_3D((Nx+bx-1)/bx, (Ny+by+1)/by);
cout<<"blockSize: "<<blockSize<<endl;
cout<<"bx: "<<bx<<" by: "<<by<<" gx: "<<gridSize_3D.x<<" gy: "<<gridSize_3D.y<<endl;
// calculate theoretical occupancy
int maxActiveBlocks;
cudaOccupancyMaxActiveBlocksPerMultiprocessor( &maxActiveBlocks, add, blockSize, 0);
int device;
cudaDeviceProp props;
cudaGetDevice(&device);
cudaGetDeviceProperties(&props, device);
float occupancy = (maxActiveBlocks * blockSize / props.warpSize) /
(float)(props.maxThreadsPerMultiProcessor /
props.warpSize);
printf("Launched blocks of size %d. Theoretical occupancy: %f\n",
blockSize, occupancy);
// Run kernel on 1M elements on the GPU
tot = 0;
add<<<gridSize_3D, blockSize_3D>>>(Nx, Ny, d_tot, d_x, d_y);
// Wait for GPU to finish before accessing on host
//cudaDeviceSynchronize();
//
cudaMemcpy(&tot, d_tot, sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
//
cout<<" GPU: tot: "<<tot<<endl;
// Free memory
cudaFree(d_x);
cudaFree(d_y);
cudaFree(d_tot);
return 0;
}
//Code2.cu has the following output:
//
//CPU: tot: 8.79609e+12
//blockSize: 1024
//bx: 32 by: 32 gx: 1024 gy: 1025
//Launched blocks of size 1024. Theoretical occupancy: 1.000000
//GPU: tot: 0
После удаления комментария к cudaDeviceSynchronize()
,
GPU: tot: 8.79609e + 12