Здесь возможен numpy подход:
import numpy as np
a = np.array([10, 25, 30, 20, 27, 29])
v = 28 # value to find
# Define intervals
intervals = {i: f'[ {min(i1, i2)}, {max(i1,i2)} ]' for i, (i1,i2) in enumerate(zip(a[:-1],a[1:]))}
intervals
{0: '[ 10, 25 ]', 1: '[ 25, 30 ]', 2: '[ 20, 30 ]', 3: '[ 20, 27 ]', 4: '[ 27, 29]'}
# Find indices of intervals
b = a-v
indices = np.squeeze(np.argwhere(b[:-1] *b[1:]<=0))
indices
array([1, 2, 4], dtype=int64)
[intervals[i] for i in indices]
['[ 25, 30 ]', '[ 20, 30 ]', '[ 27, 29 ]']