Код
new_dict = {k2:dict1[k1] for k1, k2 in zip(dict1.keys(), dict2.keys())}
Тест
Ключи и фиктивные значения
keys1 = ['8014.png54523', '7595.png37735', '6659.png50805', '8058.png26143','05324.png31372']
vals1 = list(range(len(keys1)))
keys2 = ['8014.png671302', '7595.png567733', '6659.png681968', '8058.png442154', '05324.png530138']
vals2 = list(range(len(keys1)))
Словари
dict1 = dict(zip(keys1, vals1))
dict2 = dict(zip(keys2, vals2))
Новый словарь
# Have each k1, v1 in dict1
# and k2, v2 from dict2
# new dict uses k2:v1
# where v1 = dict1[k1]
new_dict = {k2:dict1[k1] for k1, k2 in zip(dict1.keys(), dict2.keys())}
print(new_dict)
Вывод
{'8014.png671302': 0, '7595.png567733': 1, '6659.png681968': 2, '8058.png442154': 3, '05324.png530138': 4}