Вы, кажется, хотите условную агрегацию:
select uv.id as user_id,
sum(case when created_at >= '2018-03-01' and created_at < '2018-04-1'
then volume else 0
end) as volume_month1,
sum(case when created_at >= '2018-04-01' and created_at < '2018-05-1'
then volume else 0
end) as volume_month2
from user_volume uv
group by uv.id