Преобразовать в дату и использовать floor_date
из lubridate
library(lubridate)
floor_date(dmy(df$Date), 'month')
#[1] "2018-12-01" "2019-11-01" "2010-08-01"
data
df <- structure(list(Date = structure(1:3, .Label = c("02-12-2018",
"03-11-2019", "24-08-2010"), class = "factor"), Sales = c(1000L,
2000L, 3000L)), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA, -3L))