Для схемы (Все объекты);
SELECT * FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA S;
Для ограничений и внешних ключей;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS T;
Для всего остального проверьте эти запросы;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.CHARACTER_SETS C;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY C;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.COLLATIONS C;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.COLUMN_PRIVILEGES C;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.`COLUMNS` C;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE K;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.PROFILING P;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.ROUTINES R;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES S;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.STATISTICS S;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.TABLE_PRIVILEGES T;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.`TABLES` T;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.TRIGGERS T;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.USER_PRIVILEGES U;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.VIEWS V;