Python 2.7+ и 3.0 имеют коллекций. Счетчик (многократный набор данных). Документация ссылается на Рецепт 576611: класс счетчика для Python 2.5:
from operator import itemgetter
from heapq import nlargest
from itertools import repeat, ifilter
class Counter(dict):
'''Dict subclass for counting hashable objects. Sometimes called a bag
or multiset. Elements are stored as dictionary keys and their counts
are stored as dictionary values.
>>> Counter('zyzygy')
Counter({'y': 3, 'z': 2, 'g': 1})
'''
def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwds):
'''Create a new, empty Counter object. And if given, count elements
from an input iterable. Or, initialize the count from another mapping
of elements to their counts.
>>> c = Counter() # a new, empty counter
>>> c = Counter('gallahad') # a new counter from an iterable
>>> c = Counter({'a': 4, 'b': 2}) # a new counter from a mapping
>>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2) # a new counter from keyword args
'''
self.update(iterable, **kwds)
def __missing__(self, key):
return 0
def most_common(self, n=None):
'''List the n most common elements and their counts from the most
common to the least. If n is None, then list all element counts.
>>> Counter('abracadabra').most_common(3)
[('a', 5), ('r', 2), ('b', 2)]
'''
if n is None:
return sorted(self.iteritems(), key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return nlargest(n, self.iteritems(), key=itemgetter(1))
def elements(self):
'''Iterator over elements repeating each as many times as its count.
>>> c = Counter('ABCABC')
>>> sorted(c.elements())
['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C']
If an element's count has been set to zero or is a negative number,
elements() will ignore it.
'''
for elem, count in self.iteritems():
for _ in repeat(None, count):
yield elem
# Override dict methods where the meaning changes for Counter objects.
@classmethod
def fromkeys(cls, iterable, v=None):
raise NotImplementedError(
'Counter.fromkeys() is undefined. Use Counter(iterable) instead.')
def update(self, iterable=None, **kwds):
'''Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them.
Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.
>>> c = Counter('which')
>>> c.update('witch') # add elements from another iterable
>>> d = Counter('watch')
>>> c.update(d) # add elements from another counter
>>> c['h'] # four 'h' in which, witch, and watch
4
'''
if iterable is not None:
if hasattr(iterable, 'iteritems'):
if self:
self_get = self.get
for elem, count in iterable.iteritems():
self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) + count
else:
dict.update(self, iterable) # fast path when counter is empty
else:
self_get = self.get
for elem in iterable:
self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) + 1
if kwds:
self.update(kwds)
def copy(self):
'Like dict.copy() but returns a Counter instance instead of a dict.'
return Counter(self)
def __delitem__(self, elem):
'Like dict.__delitem__() but does not raise KeyError for missing values.'
if elem in self:
dict.__delitem__(self, elem)
def __repr__(self):
if not self:
return '%s()' % self.__class__.__name__
items = ', '.join(map('%r: %r'.__mod__, self.most_common()))
return '%s({%s})' % (self.__class__.__name__, items)
# Multiset-style mathematical operations discussed in:
# Knuth TAOCP Volume II section 4.6.3 exercise 19
# and at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset
#
# Outputs guaranteed to only include positive counts.
#
# To strip negative and zero counts, add-in an empty counter:
# c += Counter()
def __add__(self, other):
'''Add counts from two counters.
>>> Counter('abbb') + Counter('bcc')
Counter({'b': 4, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
result = Counter()
for elem in set(self) | set(other):
newcount = self[elem] + other[elem]
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
return result
def __sub__(self, other):
''' Subtract count, but keep only results with positive counts.
>>> Counter('abbbc') - Counter('bccd')
Counter({'b': 2, 'a': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
result = Counter()
for elem in set(self) | set(other):
newcount = self[elem] - other[elem]
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
return result
def __or__(self, other):
'''Union is the maximum of value in either of the input counters.
>>> Counter('abbb') | Counter('bcc')
Counter({'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
_max = max
result = Counter()
for elem in set(self) | set(other):
newcount = _max(self[elem], other[elem])
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
return result
def __and__(self, other):
''' Intersection is the minimum of corresponding counts.
>>> Counter('abbb') & Counter('bcc')
Counter({'b': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
_min = min
result = Counter()
if len(self) < len(other):
self, other = other, self
for elem in ifilter(self.__contains__, other):
newcount = _min(self[elem], other[elem])
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
print doctest.testmod()
Тогда вы можете написать
a = Counter([0,1,2,1,0])
b = Counter([0, 1, 1])
c = a - b
print list(c.elements()) # [0, 2]