Вы можете использовать cte рекурсивно, чтобы вырезать строки.
declare @T table (id int, [text] nvarchar(max))
insert into @T values (1, 'Peter (Peter@peter.de) and Marta (marty@gmail.com) are doing fine.')
insert into @T values (2, 'Nothing special here')
insert into @T values (3, 'Another email address (me@my.com)')
;with cte([text], email)
as
(
select
right([text], len([text]) - charindex(')', [text], 0)),
substring([text], charindex('(', [text], 0) + 1, charindex(')', [text], 0) - charindex('(', [text], 0) - 1)
from @T
where charindex('(', [text], 0) > 0
union all
select
right([text], len([text]) - charindex(')', [text], 0)),
substring([text], charindex('(', [text], 0) + 1, charindex(')', [text], 0) - charindex('(', [text], 0) - 1)
from cte
where charindex('(', [text], 0) > 0
)
select email
from cte
Результат
email
Peter@peter.de
me@my.com
marty@gmail.com