Вы можете определить несколько CTE для одного выбора, и каждый CTE может ссылаться на ранее определенные. Так что вы можете сделать:
With CTEQuery
as
(SELECT StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer.StudentID, StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer.OnlineExamID, StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer.CourseID,
StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer.CentreID,
case QuestionBank.ComplexLevelID when 1 then (2) when 2 then (4) when 3 then (6) when 4 then (8) when 5 then (10) end as Mark
FROM QuestionBank INNER JOIN
StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer ON QuestionBank.Answer = StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer.Answer AND
QuestionBank.QuestionID = StudentOnlineExamCourseAnswer.QuestionID)
, SummarizedCTE as (
select StudentID, OnlineExamID ,CourseID , CentreID , sum(Mark) as TotalMark from CTEQuery
group by StudentID, OnlineExamID ,CourseID , CentreID)
select <new query involving joining SummarizedCTE with the "other table" referenced in your discussion>