Многие люди сталкиваются с такой проблемой, потому что они основывают свой код на плохо написанных руководствах. Одной из ключевых ошибок является настройка матрицы проекции в обработчике изменения формы. В любом серьезном приложении OpenGL, включая игры, вы будете переключать проекцию несколько раз во время рендеринга - для HUD, мини-карт, элементов GUI и т. Д.
Вместо этого вы устанавливаете проекцию в обработчике дисплея, прямо перед тем, как вам понадобится эта проекция. Также вы пропустили установку матрицы проекции вообще, вы только устанавливали область просмотра - близко, но недостаточно. Я бы не назвал обработчик дисплея Ball_Loop
, но вот как я могу его изменить:
void BallLoop()
{
const int win_width = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH);
const int win_height = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT);
const float win_aspect = (float)win_width/(float)win_height;
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0);
glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glViewport(0, 0, win_width, win_height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(-aspect, aspect, -1, 1, -1, 1); /* those ortho limits should match your game logic */
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
c_draw();
b_draw();
p_draw();
glFlush();
if(started)
c_move();
if(crashed())
{
x_pos = 0;
y_pos = -0.7;
started = 0;
UP = 1;
RIGHT = 1;
DOWN = 0;
LEFT = 0;
}
glutSwapBuffers();
glutPostRedisplay();
}
РЕДАКТИРОВАТЬ полностью исправленный и воспроизводимый исходный код brickbreaker.cc
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
#define RADIUS 0.025
#define RATIO (4./3.)
bool show[5][10];
float x_brick[4][9];
float y_brick[4][9];
float paddle_x = 0;
float paddle_y = -0.8;
float paddle_speed = 0;
const float PaddleSpeedFactor = 3.;
bool phit_center = false , phit_corner = false;
bool game_over = false;
float speed_x = 0.;
float speed_y = 0.;
float x_pos = 0,y_pos = -0.75;
int lives = 3;
float T_last_frame = 0.;
void draw_bricks()
{
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
for(int a = 0; a < 9; a++)
{
for(int b = 0; b < 4; b++)
{
if(show[b][a] == 1)
{
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a],y_brick[b][a]);
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a],y_brick[b][a] - 0.10);
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a]+0.2,y_brick[b][a] - 0.10);
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a]+0.2,y_brick[b][a]);
}
}
}
glEnd();
}
void ball_draw()
{
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex2f(x_pos,y_pos);
for (float angle = 0; angle < (10); angle+=0.01)
{
glVertex2f((x_pos + sin(angle) * RADIUS), (y_pos + (cos(angle)) * RADIUS));
}
glEnd();
}
bool brick_hit()
{
bool hit = false;
int flag = 1;
for(int a = 0; a < 10; a++)
{
for(int b =0; b < 4; b++)
{
if(x_pos >= x_brick[b][a] && x_pos <= x_brick[b][a] + 0.2)
{
if(y_pos <= y_brick[b][a] && y_pos >= y_brick[b][a] - 0.1)
{
if(show[b][a] == 1)
{
show[b][a] = 0;
flag = 0;
hit = true;
break;
}
}
}
}
if(flag == 0)
break;
}
return hit;
}
bool crashed()
{
if(y_pos < paddle_y - 0.05)
return true;
return false;
}
void paddle_hit()
{
phit_corner = false;
phit_center = false;
if(x_pos <= paddle_x + 0.13 && x_pos >= paddle_x - 0.13)
{
if(y_pos <= paddle_y)
{
phit_center = true;
}
}
else if( (x_pos >= paddle_x + 0.13 && x_pos <= paddle_x + 0.2) ||
(x_pos <= paddle_x - 0.13 && x_pos >= paddle_x - 0.2))
{
if(y_pos <= paddle_y)
{
phit_corner = true;
}
}
}
void paddle_move(float dT)
{
if(paddle_x < RATIO && paddle_x > -RATIO)
paddle_x += paddle_speed * PaddleSpeedFactor * dT;
if( paddle_x > 0.95) {
paddle_x = 0.95;
paddle_speed = 0.;
}
if( paddle_x < -0.95) {
paddle_x = -0.95;
paddle_speed = 0.;
}
paddle_speed *= (1. - 0.05);
if( fabs(paddle_speed) < 0.01 )
paddle_speed = 0.;
}
void ball_move(float dT)
{
x_pos += speed_x * dT;
y_pos += speed_y * dT;
if( brick_hit() ) {
speed_y *= -1;
}
if( x_pos >= (RATIO-RADIUS) || x_pos <= (-RATIO+RADIUS ) )
{
speed_x *= -1;
}
if( y_pos >= (1.-RADIUS) )
{
speed_y = -1;
}
paddle_hit();
if(phit_center)
{
speed_y = 1;
}
if(phit_corner)
{
speed_x *= -1;
speed_y = 1;
}
}
void paddle_draw()
{
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glVertex2f(paddle_x - 0.2, paddle_y);
glVertex2f(paddle_x + 0.2, paddle_y);
glVertex2f(paddle_x + 0.2, paddle_y - 0.05);
glVertex2f(paddle_x - 0.2, paddle_y - 0.05);
glEnd();
}
void step_game()
{
paddle_move(T_last_frame);
ball_move(T_last_frame);
if(crashed())
{
speed_x = 0;
speed_y = 0;
x_pos = 0;
y_pos = -0.7;
paddle_speed = 0;
paddle_x = 0;
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void launch_ball()
{
speed_y = 1.;
speed_x = 1.;
}
void user_input(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
if(key == 13)
launch_ball();
}
void ArrowKeys(int key, int x, int y)
{
if(key==GLUT_KEY_LEFT)
paddle_speed = -1.;
if(key==GLUT_KEY_RIGHT)
paddle_speed = +1.;
}
void set_xy()
{
for(int a = 0; a < 5; a++)
{
for(int b = 0; b < 10; b++)
{
show[a][b] = 1;
}
}
int c = 0;
for(float a = -0.94; c <= 8; a+=0.21)
{
for(int b = 0; b <= 5; b++)
{
x_brick[b][c] = a;
}
c++;
}
int d = 0;
for(float s = 0.99; d <= 3; s-=0.11)
{
for(int r = 0; r < 9; r++)
{
y_brick[d][r] = s;
}
d++;
}
}
void display()
{
const int win_width = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH);
const int win_height = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT);
const float win_aspect = (float)win_width / (float)win_height;
glViewport(0, 0, win_width, win_height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if(win_aspect > RATIO) {
glOrtho(-win_aspect, win_aspect, -1., 1., -1., 1.);
} else {
glOrtho(-RATIO, RATIO, -RATIO/win_aspect, RATIO/win_aspect, -1., 1.);
}
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glClearColor(0., 0., 1., 1.);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glColor3f(1,1,1);
glVertex2f(-RATIO, -1);
glVertex2f(RATIO, -1);
glVertex2f(RATIO, 1);
glVertex2f(-RATIO, 1);
glEnd();
draw_bricks();
paddle_draw();
ball_draw();
glutSwapBuffers();
// GLUT doesn't offer cross plattform timing
// assume 60Hz refresh rate
T_last_frame = 1./60.;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
set_xy();
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA);
glutInitWindowPosition(0,0);
glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);
glutCreateWindow("Brick Breaker - By Viraj");
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutKeyboardFunc(user_input);
glutSpecialFunc(ArrowKeys);
glutIdleFunc(step_game);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
РЕДАКТИРОВАТЬ 2 и просто для полноты, вот версия GLFW
#include <GL/glfw.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;
#define RADIUS 0.025
#define RATIO (4./3.)
bool show[5][10];
float x_brick[4][9];
float y_brick[4][9];
const float SpeedFactor = 10.;
float paddle_x = 0;
float paddle_y = -0.8;
float paddle_speed = 0;
const float PaddleSpeedFactor = 3.;
bool phit_center = false, phit_corner = false;
bool game_over = false;
float speed_x = 0.;
float speed_y = 0.;
float x_pos;
float y_pos;
int lifes = 0;
void draw_bricks()
{
glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
for (int a = 0; a < 9; a++) {
for (int b = 0; b < 4; b++) {
if (show[b][a] == 1) {
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a], y_brick[b][a]);
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a], y_brick[b][a] - 0.10);
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a] + 0.2,
y_brick[b][a] - 0.10);
glVertex2f(x_brick[b][a] + 0.2, y_brick[b][a]);
}
}
}
glEnd();
}
void ball_draw()
{
glColor3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex2f(x_pos, y_pos);
for (float angle = 0; angle < (10); angle += 0.01) {
glVertex2f((x_pos + sin(angle) * RADIUS),
(y_pos + (cos(angle)) * RADIUS));
}
glEnd();
}
bool brick_hit()
{
for (int a = 0; a < 10; a++) {
for (int b = 0; b < 4; b++) {
if (x_pos >= x_brick[b][a]
&& x_pos <= x_brick[b][a] + 0.2) {
if (y_pos <= y_brick[b][a]
&& y_pos >= y_brick[b][a] - 0.1) {
if (show[b][a] == 1) {
show[b][a] = 0;
return true;
}
}
}
}
}
return false;
}
bool crashed()
{
if (y_pos < paddle_y - 0.05)
return true;
return false;
}
void paddle_hit()
{
phit_corner = false;
phit_center = false;
if (x_pos <= paddle_x + 0.13 && x_pos >= paddle_x - 0.13) {
if (y_pos <= paddle_y) {
phit_center = true;
}
} else if ((x_pos >= paddle_x + 0.13 && x_pos <= paddle_x + 0.2) ||
(x_pos <= paddle_x - 0.13 && x_pos >= paddle_x - 0.2)) {
if (y_pos <= paddle_y) {
phit_corner = true;
}
}
}
void paddle_move(float dT)
{
if (paddle_x < RATIO && paddle_x > -RATIO)
paddle_x += paddle_speed * PaddleSpeedFactor * dT;
if (paddle_x > 1.) {
paddle_x = 1.;
paddle_speed = 0.;
}
if (paddle_x < -1.) {
paddle_x = -1.;
paddle_speed = 0.;
}
}
void ball_move(float dT)
{
x_pos += speed_x * dT;
y_pos += speed_y * dT;
if (brick_hit()) {
speed_y *= -1;
}
if (x_pos >= (RATIO - RADIUS) || x_pos <= (-RATIO + RADIUS)) {
speed_x *= -1;
}
if (y_pos >= (1. - RADIUS)) {
speed_y = -1;
}
paddle_hit();
if (phit_center) {
speed_y = 1;
}
if (phit_corner) {
speed_x *= -1;
speed_y = 1;
}
}
void paddle_draw()
{
glColor3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glVertex2f(paddle_x - 0.2, paddle_y);
glVertex2f(paddle_x + 0.2, paddle_y);
glVertex2f(paddle_x + 0.2, paddle_y - 0.05);
glVertex2f(paddle_x - 0.2, paddle_y - 0.05);
glEnd();
}
void reset_game()
{
lifes = 3;
speed_x = 0;
speed_y = 0;
x_pos = 0;
y_pos = -0.7;
paddle_speed = 0;
paddle_x = 0;
}
void step_game(float dT)
{
if(!lifes)
return;
paddle_move(dT * SpeedFactor);
ball_move(dT * SpeedFactor);
if (crashed()) {
lifes--;
speed_x = 0;
speed_y = 0;
x_pos = 0;
y_pos = -0.7;
}
}
void launch_ball()
{
if(!lifes)
return;
speed_y = 1.;
speed_x = 1.;
}
void keyboard(int key, int action)
{
switch(key)
{
case GLFW_KEY_ENTER:
launch_ball();
break;
case GLFW_KEY_ESC:
reset_game();
break;
case GLFW_KEY_LEFT:
switch(action) {
case GLFW_PRESS:
paddle_speed = -1.;
break;
case GLFW_RELEASE:
paddle_speed = 0;
break;
} break;
case GLFW_KEY_RIGHT:
switch(action) {
case GLFW_PRESS:
paddle_speed = 1.;
break;
case GLFW_RELEASE:
paddle_speed = 0;
break;
} break;
}
}
void set_xy()
{
for (int a = 0; a < 5; a++) {
for (int b = 0; b < 10; b++) {
show[a][b] = 1;
}
}
int c = 0;
for (float a = -0.94; c <= 8; a += 0.21) {
for (int b = 0; b <= 5; b++) {
x_brick[b][c] = a;
}
c++;
}
int d = 0;
for (float s = 0.99; d <= 3; s -= 0.11) {
for (int r = 0; r < 9; r++) {
y_brick[d][r] = s;
}
d++;
}
}
float display()
{
int win_width;
int win_height;
glfwGetWindowSize(&win_width, &win_height);
const float win_aspect = (float)win_width / (float)win_height;
glfwSetTime(0.);
glViewport(0, 0, win_width, win_height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (win_aspect > RATIO) {
glOrtho(-win_aspect, win_aspect, -1., 1., -1., 1.);
} else {
glOrtho(-RATIO, RATIO, -RATIO / win_aspect, RATIO / win_aspect,
-1., 1.);
}
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glClearColor(0., 0., 1., 1.);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glColor3f(1, 1, 1);
glVertex2f(-RATIO, -1);
glVertex2f(RATIO, -1);
glVertex2f(RATIO, 1);
glVertex2f(-RATIO, 1);
glEnd();
draw_bricks();
paddle_draw();
ball_draw();
glfwSwapBuffers();
return glfwGetTime();
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
set_xy();
if( GL_FALSE == glfwInit() )
return -1;
if( GL_FALSE == glfwOpenWindow(800, 600, 8, 8, 8, 8, 0, 0, GLFW_WINDOW) )
return -2;
glfwSetWindowTitle("Viraj's Brick Breaker - GLFW version by datenwolf");
glfwSetKeyCallback(keyboard);
reset_game();
while( glfwGetWindowParam(GLFW_OPENED) ) {
glfwPollEvents();
float const dT = display();
step_game(dT);
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}