Да, вы можете. Вот доказательство:
--setup
use tempdb;
create table Parent (
ParentID int not null,
constraint PK_Parent primary key clustered (ParentId)
);
insert into Parent values (1), (2), (3);
create table Child (
ChildId int identity,
constraint PK_Child primary key clustered (ChildId),
ParentId int,
constraint FK_Child_Parent foreign key (ParentId)
references Parent (ParentId)
);
insert into Child (ParentId) values (2), (2), (3);
--in window 1
use tempdb;
begin tran;
update Child set ParentId = 1 where ParentId = 3;
--in window 2
use tempdb;
begin tran;
update Parent set ParentId = 4 where ParentId = 1;
--back in window 1
update Child set ParentId = 4 where ParentId = 2;
Я проверил это и смог создать тупик.