Примерно так:
WITH RECURSIVE hierarchy (folderid, ParentFolderId, FolderName) as (
SELECT folderid, ParentFolderId, FolderName
FROM folders
WHERE ParentFolderID = -1
UNION ALL
SELECT folderid, ParentFolderId, FolderName
FROM folders f
JOIN hierarchy p ON p.folderID = f.parentFolderID
)
SELECT *
FROM hierarchy
Редактировать : следующий запрос будет перемещаться по иерархии вверх, находя всех родителей данной папки.
WITH RECURSIVE hierarchy (folderid, ParentFolderId, FolderName) as (
SELECT folderid, ParentFolderId, FolderName
FROM folders
WHERE folderid = 42
UNION ALL
SELECT folderid, ParentFolderId, FolderName
FROM folders f
JOIN hierarchy p ON p.parentFolderID = f.folderID
)
SELECT *
FROM hierarchy