Хороший вопрос.
До версии 8i вам необходимо будет использовать подзапрос, для которого вам необходимо дважды обратиться к таблице thistory.
Когда были введены аналитические функции, вы могли пропустить доступ ко второй таблице, используя аналитическую функцию ROW_NUMBER во встроенном представлении, как показал Quassnoi.
Однако, начиная с версии 9, в Oracle есть еще лучший и более производительный способ.
Просто сгруппируйте по FK_USER и используйте агрегатные функции FIRST или LAST.
ПЕРВЫЙ: http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96540/functions45a.htm#SQLRF00641
ПОСЛЕДНИЕ: http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96540/functions57a.htm#83735
Вот пример с таблицей:
SQL> create table thistory (id,fk_user,state,timestamp)
2 as
3 select 1, 'Me', 'D', sysdate from dual union all
4 select 2, 'Me', 'C', sysdate-1 from dual union all
5 select 3, 'Me', 'B', sysdate-2 from dual union all
6 select 4, 'Me', 'A', sysdate-3 from dual union all
7 select 5, 'You', 'B', sysdate-11 from dual union all
8 select 6, 'You', 'A', sysdate-12 from dual
9 /
Table created.
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user,'thistory')
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> alter session set statistics_level = all
2 /
Session altered.
SQL> set serveroutput off
Сначала пре-8i вариант с подзапросом:
SQL> select *
2 from thistory
3 where timestamp =
4 ( select max(timestamp)
5 from thistory latest
6 where fk_user = thistory.fk_user
7 )
8 /
ID FK_USER S TIMESTAMP
---------- ------- - -------------------
1 Me D 19-05-2011 11:20:48
5 You B 08-05-2011 11:20:48
2 rows selected.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'allstats last'))
2 /
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID 306v8p42zdz34, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from thistory where timestamp = ( select max(timestamp) from thistory latest
where fk_user = thistory.fk_user )
Plan hash value: 2894184026
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers | OMem | 1Mem | Used-Mem |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|* 1 | HASH JOIN | | 1 | 2 | 2 |00:00:00.01 | 7 | 1155K| 1155K| 478K (0)|
| 2 | VIEW | VW_SQ_1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | | | |
| 3 | HASH GROUP BY | | 1 | 2 | 2 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | | | |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| THISTORY | 1 | 6 | 6 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | | | |
| 5 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | THISTORY | 1 | 6 | 6 |00:00:00.01 | 4 | | | |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - access("TIMESTAMP"="VW_COL_1" AND "FK_USER"="THISTORY"."FK_USER")
22 rows selected.
Теперь вариант аналитической функции:
SQL> select *
2 from ( select h.*
3 , row_number() over (partition by h.fk_user order by timestamp desc) as rn
4 from thistory h
5 )
6 where rn = 1
7 /
ID FK_USER S TIMESTAMP RN
---------- ------- - ------------------- ----------
1 Me D 19-05-2011 11:20:48 1
5 You B 08-05-2011 11:20:48 1
2 rows selected.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'allstats last'))
2 /
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID b7zscht24wa2s, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select * from ( select h.* , row_number() over (partition by h.fk_user order by timestamp desc)
as rn from thistory h ) where rn = 1
Plan hash value: 2357375523
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers | OMem | 1Mem | Used-Mem |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|* 1 | VIEW | | 1 | 6 | 2 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | | | |
|* 2 | WINDOW SORT PUSHED RANK| | 1 | 6 | 6 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | 9216 | 9216 | 8192 (0)|
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | THISTORY | 1 | 6 | 6 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("RN"=1)
2 - filter(ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( PARTITION BY "H"."FK_USER" ORDER BY INTERNAL_FUNCTION("TIMESTAMP") DESC )<=1)
21 rows selected.
И, наконец, самый эффективный вариант с использованием агрегатных функций:
SQL> select max(id) keep (dense_rank last order by timestamp) id
2 , fk_user
3 , max(state) keep (dense_rank last order by timestamp) state
4 , max(timestamp)
5 from thistory
6 group by fk_user
7 /
ID FK_USER S MAX(TIMESTAMP)
---------- ------- - -------------------
1 Me D 19-05-2011 11:20:48
5 You B 08-05-2011 11:20:48
2 rows selected.
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor(null,null,'allstats last'))
2 /
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL_ID 9gcbnuf776q27, child number 0
-------------------------------------
select max(id) keep (dense_rank last order by timestamp) id , fk_user , max(state) keep
(dense_rank last order by timestamp) state , max(timestamp) from thistory group by fk_user
Plan hash value: 76026975
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Starts | E-Rows | A-Rows | A-Time | Buffers | OMem | 1Mem | Used-Mem |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | SORT GROUP BY | | 1 | 2 | 2 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | 9216 | 9216 | 8192 (0)|
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| THISTORY | 1 | 6 | 6 |00:00:00.01 | 3 | | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 rows selected.
Если вы внимательно посмотрите на планы, вы увидите, что последний является наиболее эффективным.
И это не требует встроенного просмотра.
Надеюсь, это поможет.
С уважением,
Роб.