Вы можете использовать функции OLAP:
SELECT DISTINCT age_float,
COUNT(lastname) OVER(ORDER BY age_float) AS number
FROM employee_details
COUNT(lastname) OVER(ORDER BY age_float) AS number
упорядочивает строки по возрасту и возвращает количество сотрудников, чей возраст <= текущий возраст строк </p>
или простое соединение:
SELECT A.age_float, count(lastname)
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT age_float FROM employee_details) A
JOIN employee_details AS ED ON ED.age_float <= A.age_float
GROUP BY A.age_float