Если вы включаете начальное значение в свой вывод, тогда используйте union all:
select 0 id, '100' child, 0 lvl from dual
union all
select id, lpad(' ', 4 * level ) || child, level
from temp
start with parent = 100
connect by parent = prior child
или рекурсивный CTE:
with c(id, child, lvl) as (
select 0, '100', 0 from dual
union all
select t.id, lpad(t.child, (c.lvl + 2) * 4, ' '), c.lvl + 1
from c join temp t on t.parent = c.child)
search depth first by id set seq
select id, child, lvl from c;
или сначала добавьте его к исходным данным:
select id, lpad(' ', 4 * (level-1) ) || child child, level
from (select id, parent, child from temp union all
select null, null, 100 from dual )
start with child = 100
connect by parent = prior child
демо со всеми запросами