Похоже, что на это можно хотя бы частично ответить, посмотрев источники Docker Cli по адресу https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/1f6a1a438c4ae426e446f17848114e58072af2bb/cli/command/manifest/util.go. Вот список параметров операционной системы / архитектуры, но не вариантов архитектуры:
var validOSArches = map[osArch]bool{
{os: "darwin", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "darwin", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "darwin", arch: "arm"}: true,
{os: "darwin", arch: "arm64"}: true,
{os: "dragonfly", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "freebsd", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "freebsd", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "freebsd", arch: "arm"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "arm"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "arm64"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "ppc64le"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "mips64"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "mips64le"}: true,
{os: "linux", arch: "s390x"}: true,
{os: "netbsd", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "netbsd", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "netbsd", arch: "arm"}: true,
{os: "openbsd", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "openbsd", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "openbsd", arch: "arm"}: true,
{os: "plan9", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "plan9", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "solaris", arch: "amd64"}: true,
{os: "windows", arch: "386"}: true,
{os: "windows", arch: "amd64"}: true,