Попробуйте добавить содержимое.
измените эту строку document.getElementById("foodlist").innerHTML =
на document.getElementById("foodlist").innerHTML +=
и измените <li id="foodlist"></li>
на <ul id="foodlist"></ul>
и (food + ' ' + amount + ' ' + unit + '.')
до ('<li>'+food + ' ' + amount + ' ' + unit + '.</li>')
function addToList() {
let food = document.getElementById("food").value;
let amount = document.getElementById("amount").value;
let unit = document.getElementById("unit").value;
document.getElementById("foodlist").innerHTML +=
('<li>'+food + ' ' + amount + ' ' + unit + '.</li>')
};
<input type="text" name="" value="food" id="food">
<br>
<input type="text" name="" value="amount" id="amount">
<br>
<select id="unit">
<option value="oz">ounces</option>
<option value="lb">pounds</option>
<option value="servings">servings</option>
</select>
<br>
<button onclick="addToList()" type="button" name="button" id="addButton">add</button>
<br>
<ul id="foodlist"></ul>