база
df <- data.frame(field1 = c("x", "y", "x"),
field2 = c(1, 3, NA),
field3 = c(2, 4, NA))
df[df$field1 == "x", c("field2", "field3")] <- list("A", "B")
data.table
library(data.table)
dt <- data.table(field1 = c("x", "y", "x"),
field2 = c(1, 3, NA_character_),
field3 = c(2, 4, NA_character_))
dt[field1 == "x", `:=`(field2 = "A", field3 = "B")]