Вы можете использовать union all
:
select id, mime_type, file_name
from t
union all
select id, mime_type, 'thumb_screenshot.png'
from t
where mime_type = 'image/png';
EDIT:
На основании комментария:
select id, mime_type, file_name
from t
union all
select id, mime_type, concat('thumb_', file_name)
from t
where mime_type = 'image/png';