Вы можете использовать понимание списка:
def group_by_10s(_d):
d = sorted(_d)
return [[c for c in d if c//10 == i] for i in range(min(_d)//10, (max(_d)//10)+1)]
print(group_by_10s([1, 10, 15, 20]))
print(group_by_10s([8, 12, 3, 17, 19, 24, 35, 50]))
print(group_by_10s(list(range(20))))
Выход:
[[1], [10, 15], [20]]
[[3, 8], [12, 17, 19], [24], [35], [], [50]]
[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]]