Вот один вариант с sprintf
do.call(sprintf, c(dat, fmt = "%02d%02d%02d"))
#[1] "030903" "041002" "060707" "100704" "030108"
Или с использованием tidyverse
library(tidyverse)
dat %>%
mutate_all(str_pad, pad = '0', width = 2) %>%
unite(V1, V1, V2, V3, sep='')
# or if there are many columns use
# unite(V1, !!! rlang::syms(names(.)), sep='')
data
dat <- structure(list(V1 = c(3L, 4L, 6L, 10L, 3L), V2 = c(9L, 10L, 7L,
7L, 1L), V3 = c(3L, 2L, 7L, 4L, 8L)), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA,
-5L))