Общая длина дуги равна общему углу (измеренному в радианах), умноженному на радиус.Так как земля под колесом, вам понадобится противоположный знак.Поэтому вместо
planeX+=cos
bettwer напишите
planeX = planeX0 - radians * radius
, где радиус будет 75px в вашем сценарии.
const wheel=$('#wheel')
const plane=$('#plane')
const radius=75
const planeX0=plane.offset().left
let degree=0
let interval
$(document).on('mousedown','span',event=>{
interval=setInterval(()=>{
if(event.currentTarget.id==='left')degree-=1
else degree+=1
wheel.css('transform', 'rotate(' + degree + 'deg)')
const radians=degree * (Math.PI / 180)
planeX = planeX0 - radians * radius
plane.css('left',planeX+'px')
},10)
})
$(document).on('mouseup','span',event=>clearInterval(interval))
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div style="position:fixed;top:0; font-size:200%;"><span style="cursor:pointer;" id="left"><</span> <span style="cursor:pointer;" id="right">></span></div>
<div id="wheelContainer" style="position:fixed;bottom:1em;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);"><div id="wheel" style="width:150px;height:150px;border:1px solid;border-radius:50%;background:url('data:image/png;base64,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')"></div></div>
<div id="plane" style="position:fixed;bottom:0;left:-1000vw;right:-1000vw;height:1em;border:1px solid;background:url('data:image/png;base64,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')"></div>