Вы можете использовать такой подзапрос, как этот:
$query = "(SELECT IFNULL(SUM(`a`), 0) FROM table_a WHERE a='1') AS sum_a,
(SELECT IFNULL(SUM(`b`), 0) FROM table_a WHERE b='1') AS sum_b,
concat(round( (SELECT sum_b) / (SELECT sum_a) )*100) as data_percentage";
$query = $this->db->select($query);
$result = $query->get('table_a');
echo $result->row()->data_percentage;