Например:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_table;
CREATE TABLE my_table
(id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
,name VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL
,event INT NOT NULL
,score INT NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO my_table (name,event,score) VALUES
('Bob' ,1, 50),
('Bob' ,1,100),
('Bob' ,2, 75),
('Bob' ,3, 80),
('Bob' ,3, 65),
('Jill' ,2, 75),
('Jill' ,2, 90),
('Jill' ,3, 60),
('Chris',1, 70),
('Chris',2, 50),
('Chris',2, 85),
('Chris',3,100);
SELECT a.*
, FIND_IN_SET(a.score,b.scores) my_rank
FROM my_table a -- it's possible that this really needs to be a repeat of the subquery below, so
-- ( SELECT m.* FROM my_table m JOIN (SELECT name,event,MAX(score) score FROM my_table
-- GROUP BY name, event) n ON n.name = m.name AND n.event = m.event AND n.score = m.score) AS a
JOIN
(
SELECT x.event
, GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT x.score ORDER BY x.score DESC) scores
FROM my_table x
JOIN
( SELECT name
, event
, MAX(score) score
FROM my_table
GROUP
BY name
, event
) y
ON y.name = x.name
AND y.event = x.event
AND y.score = x.score
GROUP
BY x.event
) b
ON b.event = a.event
WHERE FIND_IN_SET(a.score,b.scores) >0;
+----+-------+-------+-------+------+
| id | name | event | score | rank |
+----+-------+-------+-------+------+
| 2 | Bob | 1 | 100 | 1 |
| 3 | Bob | 2 | 75 | 3 |
| 4 | Bob | 3 | 80 | 2 |
| 6 | Jill | 2 | 75 | 3 |
| 7 | Jill | 2 | 90 | 1 |
| 8 | Jill | 3 | 60 | 3 |
| 9 | Chris | 1 | 70 | 2 |
| 11 | Chris | 2 | 85 | 2 |
| 12 | Chris | 3 | 100 | 1 |
+----+-------+-------+-------+------+